This article describes the history of animation in the United States of America since the late 80 ‘s until the early twenty-first century. This period is often called the renaissance of American animation, during which many large American entertainment companies to reform and reinvigorate its animation department after the decline suffered in the 60, 70 and 80.

From 1988 to the present

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Disney’s return

In the mid 80 ‘s, the American animation industry fell into disgrace. Toy commercials masquerading as the evening entertainment programs and cartoons dominated the morning of Saturday, and the only experiment was carried out by independent developers. Even animated films were projected in theaters at times, but the glory of the old dayswas gone. Even the animation giant Disney, which had foughten the corporate acquisition in the 80 ‘s, was considering abandoning the production of animated feature films.

Both the enthusiastic audience, critics, and the animators were taken by surprise when the long-awaited renaissance of animation began in the oldest and most conservative corporation, Disney.

Disney had a drastic change in the 80, its new chief Michael Eisner, the company relocated to his feet, returning to its roots and revitalizing their studies. With great fanfare, in 1988 the study worked with Steven Spielberg to produce the animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, directed by Robert Zemeckis. The film was a success, and gave to the animation industry awaited push for that time. Roger Rabbit not only earned him thepile of money for Disney, but also sparked the popularity of the classic animation that continues to this day. The history of animation suddenly became an object of study (and their fans). Several directors, business legend, such as Chuck Jones and Friz Freleng were suddenly in the spotlight, being acclaimed after decades of being virtually ignored by audiences and industry professionals.

Disney continued the success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit? with “The Little Mermaid”, the first of a series of animated films that seemed to recapture the magic of the golden age of Walt Disney himself. The studio invested heavily in new technology of computer animation for such purposes, but could do super-productions like “Beauty and the Beast” and “Aladdin,” which attracted audiences that were notseen in decades, and Once provided a visual feast that has not been exceeded since the 40. The peak of the hit Disney was in 1994 when his film “The Lion King” exceeded all expectations of the study to become one of the most successful of all time. Even later Disney films as “Pocahontas,” “The Hunchback of Notre Dame”, “Hercules”, “Doggie” and “Tarzan” was blockbusters.

Disney has also made inroads into the neglected area of the animated TV series. With the success of shows like “The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh”, “The Adventures of the Gummi Bears, Disney adventures” and “Duck”, the “new” Disney made his mark in TV pictures. Through association and repetition is, Disney can provide high quality animation for TV. A series of large diffusion was conducted in mid-nineties, with somecritics designating “Gargoyles” as the Disney animation project for TV’s most artistically ambitious and best done. The soundtracks of each of these animated films were an important part of its success, because Disney was including in each of these projects is a loud voice from the world of music, such as Elton John (The Lion King), Luis Miguel (The Hunchback of Notre Dame), Ricky Martin (Hercules), Christina Aguilera (Mulan), Celine Dion (Beauty and the Beast), Ricardo Montaner (Aladin)Secada, Jon (Pocahontas), among others.

Spielberg and animation

Spielberg and Bluth

While Disney gave new life to animation, Steven Spielberg was making his own way. Animation amateur life, Spielberg was also interested in making high quality animation, andworked with his rival, Don Bluth animation producer to produce “Fievel and the New World.” The box office success of this film, and Bluth’s next “In The Land”, Hollywood made him realize that Disney did not hold a monopoly on animated features. The other Hollywood studios resumed production of its own animated features, but still falling into the trap of trying to imitate Disney’s 1997 film “Anastasia”, Don Bluth, produced by Fox, is also mentioned as the one launched the Fox Animation Studios, and Disney’s rival, however, these studies failed to succeed after “Anastasia” and closed in 1999. Like most successful productions of Disney, “Anastasia” was attended by Thalia, who played the central theme of the soundtrack in its versions in Spanish, English and Portuguese.

Spielberg andWarner Bros.

Spielberg, meanwhile, switched to TV and worked with Warner Bros. animation studio to produce “The Tiny Toon Adventures,” the high quality animated series that paid homage to the great cartoons of Termite Terrace. “The Tiny Toon Adventures” had a good rating thanks to its young viewers, which inspired the Warner Bros. to resurrect his dying animation studio and once again a contender in the field of animation. The Tiny Toon Steven Spielberg were continued by presenting “Animaniacs” and “Pinky and the Brain”. The latter not only attracted new viewers to Warner Bros., but also captured the attention of viewers adolescents and adults.

Bakshi’s return

Ralph Bakshi, director of innovative animated films like “Fritz the Cat” and original”Lord of the Rings”, returned to animation after making a brief stop in the mid 80 ‘s. In 1985, he teamed up with the young Canadian animator John Kricfalusi and the legendary British band “The Rolling Stones” to make an animated music video for “The Harlem Shuffle”, which was completed in early 1986. Although the music video did not talk much, he built the production team “Bakshi Animation” project continued with the short-lived but well received, “The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse.” Bakshi & Co., worked on numerous projects at the end of the 80, but the biggest project was “Cool World: a blonde between two worlds”, which premiered in 1992. The production got out of hand and ended up being severely criticized and forgotten by almost everyone.

Outsourcinganimation

The main reason for increasing the quality of American animation is the ability to outsource the heavy lifting to cheaper animation houses in the South and Southeast Asia gaining a large number of frames at low cost. The script, character design and storyboarding can also be done in American offices. The storyboard, models and color books are your abroad. Sometimes causes problems because no final product can be completed until the frames are your to the U.S.. Although budgets have been reduced, foreign productions houses are chosen per episode, or even per scene, depending on the amount of money available at that time. As a result there is a big difference in quality from one episode to another. This is particularly evident in shows like “Gargoyles” and “Batman”: TheAnimated Series where, sometimes, the characters seem completely different from one episode to the dismay of its directors.

Adult Animation

The Simpsons

In the 90 ‘s came a new wave of animated series whose primary aim was the adults, after an absence in the genre over the decade. In 1989, “The Simpsons,” an animated short based on the Tracey Ullman Show, “The” became the first animated series in prime time since “The Flintstones” and captivated a large part of the audience. It was the first success for the hit Fox series, caused little sensitivity, entering popular culture and gaining wide acceptance. In 2008, “The Simpsons” seem to show no signs of stopping, and could surpass “Gunsmoke” as the fiction in the programme on the air longerhistory of American television. In 2007, have released their first film, titled “The Simpsons: The Movie”, dubbed in Spanish and Chinese.

Ren and Stimpy

In 1991, Nickelodeon The Ren and Stimpy premiered “Show,” “Ren and Stimpy” was the quirky series run riot violated all the traditional restrictions of correct drawings of Saturday morning and instead favored the quirky style of the short the golden era. Moreover, the series creator, John Kricfalusi, who had worked as an animator during the downturn of Saturday morning, was much influenced by the classic works of Bob Clampett.

Spike & Mike

Alongside mainstream animation nineties there was a strange and experimental movement. In the short animation festival in 1989, organized by CraigDecker and Mike Gribble Spike (known as “Spike & Mike”) and originally located in San Diego. It all started with the representation of a collection of thematic short, known as the Classic Festival of Animation, in places of business meetings and trade throughout the country.

The collections were made mostly by Oscar-nominated short, works of students of the Institute of the Arts in California and experimental work of the National Film Board of Canada. The first festival included works by John Lasseter’s aim was, Nick Park and Mike Judge. Judge’s work, “Frog Baseball” marked the first appearance of their franchise characters Beavis and Butthead.

However, the festival gradually became a movie program called Spike and Mike’s Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation and turned into anunderground movement of adult humor and subject matter.

Adult Swim

In 1994, Cartoon Network gave consent to a new series called “Space Ghost coast to coast” with the particular post-modern turn, showed live interviews with porn movies, cartoon animations mixed with original “Space Ghost.” The series made the leap with the production of Hanna-Barbera, now owned by Cartoon Network. It was the beginning of a common practice used old Hanna-Barbera characters for new productions, as the “surreal” Underwater Laboratory, 2021, based on the cartoon shorts, early 70 ‘s “Sealab 2020.” Also, Harvey Birdman, attorney, on a mediocre superhero, Birdman which was originally the star of Birdman and the Galaxy trio had become a lawyer. Its customers, like many of the characters in theseries, came completely from the old Hanna-Barbera characters.

In addition to large animation files old and cheap, independent animators also began to benefit from the new digital technologies. An artist with sufficient technical skills could explore new styles and forms with much more freedom. The traditional animation skills of drawing and painting had given way to digital manipulation and aggressive and use new techniques of animation.

Along with these new programs, the American audience, particularly in geographic areas influenced by fusion with the cultures of the Pacific coast, began to adopt Japanese anime, cartoon, or 80. This growing market for anime videos satisfy the public child and adolescent, with a large number of Japanese series translated into English. Initially accesswas limited to videos, but the anime as it became the mainstream found its way into the film department stores throughout the U.S.. As the animation is set in a different place in Japanese culture, including the range of issues not addressed by the American animation.

“Adult Swim” block of animation for adults that is issued at the start of primetime on Cartoon Network, leads the adult industry and has the latest technology in animation. Adult Swim, which originally aired on Sunday night in 2006 was in the air until 5: 00 AM, and was broadcast every night except Sunday. The series, which is produced exclusively for Adult Swim, as “The Brak Show, Aqua Teen Hunger Force”, “”, and “Tom Goes to the Mayor”, tend to be surreal and bizarre, but also considered fresh and original. Adult Swim”American History X” and reissued series played an important role to avoid the cancellation of “Family Guy”. In addition, it also issues numerous popular Anime series, such as “FLCL”, “Lupin III” and “Inuyasha.”

Other drawings for adults

Other TV stations also experimented with animation for adults. MTV has produced several animated series especially for young and adult audiences, “Liquid Television” and “Beavis and Butthead”. Even USA Network program found a cult following with his “Duckman show.” But the adult animated series of the 90 now successful was “South Park” which premiered in 1996 as a cartoon pirate on the Internet.

The more fast-paced animation and man saw the light, the clandestine more dominant force in television animation was, led to anincreasingly frenetic territory and perhaps eschatological, for example in “The Tick and Duckman.”

In 2005, adult animation pioneer Ralph Bakshi said he would work on another film, “The Last Days of Coney Island,” which he would finance and produce independently.

The decline of the Saturday Morning

After spending nearly two decades in the coma for over, the American animation industry experienced a sudden growth in the 90. Several new studies appeared keen to take risks, and found a large number of markets to sell their talent. Along with the animated TV series, the animation used in television commercials, video games and music videos. The small animation studios challenged “Hanna-Barbera Productions” in the market for TV animation.

In fact,Hanna-Barbera could not compete with the new varieties of animation on the market. During the time that dominated the entire spectrum of pictures of the Saturday morning Hanna-Barbera had virtually no competition, causing a deterioration in the quality of its series. In the 90 ‘s, the study could only offer fried as “A Pup Named Scooby-Doo” and “Tom and Jerry Kids Show” to compete with “Fox Kids” and the new “WB Television Network” from Warner Bros. Hanna-Barbera staff behind and found himself completely bought by Turner Broadcasting.

Hanna-Barbera not only had problems adapting to the changes that are spread all over the TV. The “Big Three” networks (ABC, NBC and CBS) found its loyal audience being eroded by competition from the new channels, including new strains of “Cable TV” asNickelodeon, Disney Channel and Cartoon Network. Video games and movies available on video also helped change the market, to the point that for a time gave NBC cartoons altogether. The ABC was bought by Disney, Disney turned the grill on Saturday in a series of Disney animated productions.

While the series animated in large networks, the cable television seemed mediocre cartoon achieved several successes. Nickelodeon did see light cult hits like “Doug,” “Rugrats,” “Ren and Stimpy, Rocko’s Modern Life,” “,” “,” “Invader Zim SpongeBob” and “The Bang.” Meanwhile, the new owner of Hanna-Barbera, Time Warner, the study focused on the creation of new drawings for the Cartoon Network. Hanna-Barbera was an influx of fresh blood and the new generation of drawings of Hanna-Barberacartoon was born as “Dexter’s Laboratory, Johnny Bravo”, “”, “Cow and Chicken”, “Powerpuff girl Girls” and “Courage the Cowardly Dog.”

Still, each new piece of animation was not the gold mine. The Disney animated films began to suffer in quality to late 1990, after the producer Jeff Katzenberg left the studio and team up with Steven Spielberg and David to form DreamWorks Records. Also, several animated films were released in the 90 trying to imitate the success of Disney, but as in the Years 1930 and 1940, the animations of 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros could not catch the considerable market segment of Disney movies that had been dominant. In particular, Warner, had a string of failures “Cats Do not Dance”, “The Magic Sword” and “The Iron Giant” (the latter being praised by critics andfor a time, but virtually being ignored by now the public) died at the box office. Warner Bros. also tried to recreate the success of “Roger Rabbit” to “Space Jam”, an attempt to combine the popularity of Bugs Bunny with basketball superstar Michael Jordan.

In addition, the market trend of children continued during the 90 ‘s, almost as ubiquitous as a decade earlier. Two major events dominated toy many children’s programs in the afternoons of the weekend: “Mighty Morphin Power Rangers” in the mid-90 and “Pokemon” from the latter half of the 90 ‘s to mid Years 2000. Until the animation suffered another revival in the 2000s, a great deal (and many dollars spent) continued to spend on merchandising.

The growth of computer animation

Yet another wild card isadded to this crowded and competitive atmosphere with the emergence of a new wave of “Computer Animation”. The decade of the 90, experienced an exponential improvement in the use of computers to enhance animated sequences and special effects. This new form of entertainment soon dominated the world of special effects in Hollywood (the film “Terminator 2″: “The Judgement” and “Jurassic Park” included impressive computer-animated sequences), and was only a matter of time to find a film produced entirely with computers.

Once again it was Disney who led in this area. Disney animators had introduced computer-generated sequences gently in his movies, as in early 1991 in “Beauty and the Beast.” A computer-generated magic carpet played a significant role in “Aladdin.” In 1995, Disney producedwith Pixar’s “Toy Story”, the first completely computer generated movie. The film was a huge success and created a new movement, other studies investigated produce their own computer-animated films (CGI).

Perhaps because it first developed as a new method of creating special effects, computer animation was not seen as a form of “children’s entertainment”. After decades as related but separate industries, the line between animation and special effects are eliminated by the popularization of computer special effects, to the extent that the use of computers in Hollywood movies has become the natural. The best special effects are often so subtle they go completely unnoticed. The winner of the Academy Award for best special effects with “Forrest Gump” (1994) relied heavily on computer special effectsto create the illusion of realism, to the extent that the actor Tom Hanks was seen shaking hands with U.S. President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The movie “Titanic” used computer graphics to bring each scene in three hours, which produced a level of realism that helped the movie itself to become the biggest movie box office tax collection so far.

The computer animation has also made forays into television. The series of Saturday morning “ReBoot” gained much popularity among adults, this was the first of many CGI series like “Beast Wars”, “War” and “Roughnecks” Planets. The quality of computer animation has improved considerably with each new series. Many non-animated TV series (especially science fiction “Babylon 5″) invested heavily in CGI production, producing special effects of thehigher quality of its predecessors could dream at a relatively low cost.

Other studies with Disney tried their luck with computer-animated films and discovered their weaknesses to the monopoly that was putting animated Disney box office successes. While DreamWorks with “Antz” and “Small Soldiers paled in comparison with the” productions of Disney-Pixar’s “Bug” and “Toy Story 2″, finally got the big hit numbers with “Shrek” in 2001. “Shrek” was a huge box office success, attracting pheromones the public on the production and mastering summer of that year, “Atlantis”. Even 20th Century Fox pulled the oil when it conducted the CGI animated film in early 2002 entitled “Ice Age”. Not all studies were successful at the box office with computer animation, Paramount with “The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron:Boy Genius “released in 2001 they did so well at the box office, but received a nomination from the Academy and later found success with the television series based on the film which was awarded the following year.

But the real star of the CGI revolution seemed to be Pixar. Even before “Toy Story” The study made a name producing amazing animation shorts (his “Tin Toy” short won an Oscar), and when Disney tried to create a CGI movie on its own without Pixar (“Dinosaur”), the result was disastrous in Iran.

Despite this success, the computer animation continues to rely on characters drawn and stylized. In 2001, living first attempt to create a world completely animated using “human actors” digital “Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within,” which found a moderate critical acclaim, but didgood box office.

The CGI special effects increased to such an extent that in 2002, the science fiction film Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones “was considered by its director, George Lucas, as the first animated film that used real actors. In fact, the CGI effects have become so common that it is difficult to distinguish computer-animated real life. A growing number of films begin using new computer created characters interact on screen with real parts, as Jar Binks in Star Wars Episode i: The Phantom Menace “Gollum in” Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers “and the main character in” the Hulk. ” While computer-generated characters have become acceptable actors, fully animated movies with virtual actors seem to lack a few years.

Disney seemed ready to lead the decline inhand-drawn animation, despite the box office success of “Lilo & Stitch”, the failure of its hyped summer “Treasure Planet” seemed to assure that there would be further reductions in the study of Disney animation. The loss was most damaging to Disney in 2002 when the Academy Award for Best Animated Film went to the artist (by hand) by Hayao Miyazaki, “Spirited Away” inflicting a second defeat, Disney followed the Academy Awards.

Disney settled all their desks and Dreamworks Animation also announced it would abandon the traditional drawn animation and focus exclusively on computer-generated productions from 2003 onwards. While frame traditional animation is likely to remain supported by the TV cartoon and TV ads in the near future. The schools of animation history believe that “the era ofclassic American design, “which began with the Walt Disney movie” Snow White “is about to end. Others disagree, pointing to the moderate success of traditionally animated film “Brother Bear” and the fact that Pixar has announced it will produce traditional animation films in their own attempt to revive this art form.

In 2004, he premiered the movie “Sky Captain” and “The world of tomorrow.” Note that the entire film was shot against a blue screen with the background completely computer generated and all were real actors. Robert Zemeckis movie “the Polar Express,” starring Tom Hanks with five characters is done entirely with CGI animation, but uses motion capture technology to animate the characters.

In July 2005, Disney announced it would close their studies in Australia in 2006. Thatstudy, responsible for video sequels like ‘ The Lion King III “was the last bastion of hand-Disney artists. However in 2006, Pixar’s creative chief John Lasseter’s aim was, told Time magazine that could restore traditional animation unit of Disney, saying that “of all studies should be doing 2-d animation, it should be Disney.”

In December 2009, the last great animated movie that has gathered huge profits at the box office of “Avatar” from 20th Century Fox, directed by James Cameron, has received high praise for the quality of special effects are really impressive.

Animation Awards

Modern American Animation

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